Yellow 5 Side Effects

Daniel More, MD, is a board-certified allergist and clinical immunologist with a background in internal medicine.

Potential Risks of Yellow 5 (Tartrazine)

Daniel More, MD, is a board-certified allergist and clinical immunologist with a background in internal medicine.

Updated on November 02, 2022

Daniel More, MD, is a board-certified allergist and clinical immunologist with a background in internal medicine.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Tartrazine is a synthetic yellow food dye. It is also called FD&C yellow #5. Tartrazine is one of several azo food dyes made from petroleum products, and among several dyes and food additives studied for potential health impacts.

Yellow #5 adds color to make foods and soft drinks look more appealing. It’s also approved for use in pills and other medications, and in personal care products such as skin care products, shampoo, and cosmetics. Some textile manufacturers also use azo dyes like tartrazine.

This article discusses allergies and other health conditions involving tartrazine, as well as a list of foods that often have yellow #5 listed as an ingredient and how you can know it’s there.

Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak

Other Names for Tartrazine

In all, there are actually more than 100 names for tartrazine that may be found on a product label. Some of these include:

E 102
Yellow Lake 69
Food Yellow 4
Acid Yellow 23
Trisodium

Tartrazine and Health Impacts

Tartrazine has long been suspected of being the cause of several symptoms and health conditions, though not all have been supported by research. Some suspected reactions include:

Urticaria (hives)
Angioedema (swelling of the lips, tongue, throat, and neck caused by the release of histamine in an allergic reaction)
Asthma
Atopic dermatitis (skin rashes related to allergies)
Food intolerances

Is Tartrazine Still Used?

Yes, yellow #5 is still used. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires products containing tartrazine to list the ingredient on the product label. It also may say “Yellow No. 5” on the food or cosmetic ingredient list.

Research on Tartrazine

Tartrazine may be harmful to humans, despite the fact that the FDA has approved its use in specific products. Yet researchers continue to work to establish a link between yellow #5 and health impacts, including behavioral disorders in children or cancer.

Studies focus on the ways that tartrazine may:

Be toxic to genes (genotoxicity)
Be toxic to cells in the body (cytotoxicity)
Cause genetic mutations (mutagenicity)

Much of the research on yellow #5 is done through animal studies, and the evidence-based science on its impacts in humans remains lacking. However, the use of azo food dyes has been banned in other places outside of the United States.

Where Is Yellow #5 Banned?

Tartrazine is approved by the FDA for use in the United States. In some countries, such as Norway, yellow #5 has been banned in the past, as have other azo food dyes. In 2013, the European Union ruled that “the overall weight of evidence” did not support the finding that yellow #5 was toxic to genes, but the ruling called for further study.

Neurotoxin

Tartrazine appears to be a neurotoxin (toxic to cells in the brain) in studies done with rats. It’s thought that tartrazine affects the nervous system in rats in ways that include problems with spatial memory and more.

Rats that were given tartrazine showed a number of changes in their central nervous system, including a shortage of brain neurotransmitters. Increased cell death in the brain was also noted. It is not known if these changes also pertain to humans.

Tartrazine Studies in Rats

Tartrazine’s effects in rats are significant, such that other agents have been tested along with yellow #5 to see if they may play a protective role against the damage that tartrazine causes to the nervous system. A 2017 study with rats found that administering vitamin E (a neuro-protective agent) might prevent both the structural and behavioral changes caused by tartrazine.

Behavior Problems in Children

Tartrazine’s effects are at the center of a few studies done in human children to assess behavioral changes.

Research on the use of artificial food colorings (AFC) in children has found that large doses (defined as 50 milligrams or more of AFC) caused a greater negative effect than on children than those who received less.

The use of synthetic food dyes has increased by 500% in the past 50 years. Behavioral problems such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have increased at the same time.

Yet there are many changes that have occurred during this time period beyond the adoption of artificial food dyes, and this correlation is not yet definitive.

Carcinogen

One study looking at DNA repair found that tartrazine had no cytotoxic (damaging cells) effects, but did have significant genotoxic (damaging DNA) effects at all concentrations studied. This damage could cause genetic mutations leading to cancer.

The study found that most of the damage was amenable to repair but that some damage did persist in specimens exposed to tartrazine, unlike those not exposed, even 24 hours after exposure. The conclusion was that prolonged exposure to tartrazine could trigger carcinogenesis.

It’s important to note that even when DNA is damaged, many repair systems (such as tumor suppressor genes) can fix this damage.

Tartrazine During Pregnancy

Tartrazine and its effects during pregnancy are not well understood. Animal studies of prenatal exposure to artificial food colorings have found some problems, such as a decrease in motivation and anxiety in offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy.

Research on tartrazine in pregnant rats also suggests evidence of DNA-related:

Liver damage
Kidney damage
Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart size)
Missing limbs and other skeletal deformities

Research findings in pregnant animals do not mean that there is a potential for problems in human infants. What these animal studies suggest, however, is that further research is needed until more is known.

How to Avoid Tartrazine

Tartrazine is found in a number of foods. While many products are labeled, others, such as ice cream and desserts, may not be.

Foods containing tartrazine include:

Certain breakfast cereals
Refrigerated rolls and quick breads
Cake mixes
Commercial pies
Commercial gingerbread
Butterscotch chips
Commercial frostings
Certain instant and regular puddings
Certain ice creams and sherbets
Certain candy coatings
Hard candies
Colored marshmallows
Flavored carbonated beverages
Flavored drink mixes

Tartrazine also is used in a number of other products. They include:

Cosmetics and fragrances
Hair care products, including dye
Hand soaps, creams, and lotions
Shaving products
Pet care products

The best way to avoid yellow #5 is to check the labels of these foods and products.

A Word From Verywell

Tartrazine is approved for use in the U.S. and can be found in a number of food and personal care products. While some studies suggest it may have health effects in both animals and humans, more research is needed. Ask your healthcare provider for more information if you have concerns about yellow #5 dyes and food colorings.

10 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Brüschweiler BJ, Merlot C. Azo dyes in clothing textiles can be cleaved into a series of mutagenic aromatic amines which are not regulated yet. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Aug;88:214-226. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.012.
Contact Dermatitis Institute. Tartrazine.
Rajan, J., Simon, R., and J. Bosso. Prevalence of sensitivity to food and drug additives in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, In Practice. 2014. 2(2):168-71. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.10.002
Soares BM, Araújo TM, Ramos JA, Pinto LC, Khayat BM, De Oliveira Bahia M, et al. Effects on DNA repair in human lymphocytes exposed to the food dye tartrazine yellow. Anticancer Res. 2015 Mar;35(3):1465-74. PMID: 25750299.
European Food Safety Authority. Food colours.
Mohamed AA, Galal AA, Elewa YH. Comparative protective effects of royal jelly and cod liver oil against neurotoxic impact of tartrazine on male rat pups brain. Acta Histochem. 2015 Sep;117(7):649-58. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2015.07.002
Rafati A, Nourzei N, Karbalay-Doust S, Noorafshan A. Using vitamin E to prevent the impairment in behavioral test, cell loss and dendrite changes in medial prefrontal cortex induced by tartrazine in rats. Acta Histochem. 2017 Mar;119(2):172-180. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2017.01.004
Stevens, L., Burgess, J., Stochelski, M., and T. Kuczek. Amounts of artificial food colors in commonly consumed beverages and potential behavioral implications for consumption in children. Clinical Pediatrics. 2014. 53(2):133-40. doi:10.1177/0009922813502849
Doguc DK, Aylak F, Ilhan I, Kulac E, Gultekin F. Are there any remarkable effects of prenatal exposure to food colourings on neurobehavior and learning process in rat offspring? Nutritional Neuroscience. 2015. 18(1):12-21. doi:10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000095
Sambu S, Hemaram U, Murugan R, Alsofi AA. Toxicological and Teratogenic Effect of Various Food Additives: An Updated Review. Biomed Res Int. 2022 Jun 24;2022:6829409. doi:10.1155/2022/6829409.

Additional Reading

Tattersall I, Reddy B. Fixed drug eruption due to achiote dye. Case Reports in Dermatology. 2016. 8(1):14-8. doi:10.1159/000443949

By Daniel More, MD
Daniel More, MD, is a board-certified allergist and clinical immunologist. He is an assistant clinical professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and currently practices at Central Coast Allergy and Asthma in Salinas, California.

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What to Know About Yellow 5 Food Dye

Food dye is an artificial product that’s added to many food products to make them look more appealing. Yellow 5 food dye is also known as tartrazine. This pigment dissolves in water and has a bright, lemon-yellow color that is used in many foods and drinks.

Where You’ll Find It

Yellow 5 is a popular food color because manufacturers can mix it to make numerous other dyes. You may consume Yellow 5 as part of your regular diet. It can be found in a variety of foods, including:

This popular dye can also be found in drugs, cosmetics, and even paint.‌

Other common examples of products that contain tartrazine include:

Lipsticks
Mouthwash
Toothpaste
Detergents
Shampoos
Vitamin pills

Tartrazine is also used in food for cats, dogs, fish, birds, and small rodents. ‌

History of Safety Concerns

In the 1920s, there was some controversy about whether or not tartrazine had negative effects on the health of children. Some people claimed it caused hyperactivity. But it wasn’t until 1973 when these concerns started gaining attention in the scientific field. Research suggested that certain food additives, including salicylates, caused learning problems in children.

‌Further research failed to prove these claims. In 2004, an attempt to demonstrate the correlation between tartrazine exposure and hyperactivity failed to provide conclusive results once again.‌

The Food Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization conducted safety studies to test tartrazine in 2017. They concluded that occasional exposure to this food dye doesn’t represent a significant health concern in children or adults.

Health Risks of Yellow 5

Yellow 5 food dye and your respiratory health. Analysis determined that some sources of tartrazine might have particles of respirable size. This means you can breathe them in. Because exposure to this food dye is common, you’ll probably come into contact with Yellow 5 dust at some point.

Limited studies on human subjects haven’t reached a conclusion on the safety of inhaling tartrazine. Because there’s no definitive evidence to confirm or deny that inhaling Yellow 5 food dye can be toxic, public health authorities classify tartrazine as potentially hazardous.

Yellow 5 food dye and your skin health. Tartrazine may cause skin irritation and sensitivity, but there is limited data available to back up these claims. One study on children aged 1 to 6 found that it worsened eczema symptoms in at least 1 in 12 people.

Research has shown that the possibility of tartrazine causing other skin problems, like acute urticaria (or skin rash), is low.

It’s estimated that less than 0.1% of people have a sensitivity or intolerance to Yellow 5 food dye. These people may have hives, itching, coughing, and vomiting when exposed to it.

One study analyzed different amounts of the controversial food dye in pet biscuits. There was no conclusive evidence of tartrazine causing harm to animals.

Yellow 5 Food Dye Restrictions

In the U.S., Canada, and many countries in the European Union, products that contain Yellow 5 food dye are legal. They must be sold with a warning label. The label should read that the product might cause allergic reactions like bronchial asthma. Tartrazine sensitivity is often present in people with a sensitivity to aspirin.

Limiting Your Exposure

Many of the items in your pantry might have this food coloring in their ingredients. It probably poses no harm to you and your family in moderation. But if you want to stay away from tartrazine, take a closer look at the labels of your food, medicine, and cosmetic products. Yellow 5 food dye may appear in the ingredient lists in the following forms:

‌‌Talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about how Yellow 5 might affect your health, especially if you have a history of sensitivity to food dye products.

Show Sources

‌Archives of Disease in Childhood: “Tartrazine in atopic eczema.”

‌Clinical and Experimental Allergy: “Suspected tartrazine-induced acute urticaria/angioedema is only rarely reproducible by oral rechallenge.”

‌Commission on Human Medicines: “Tartrazine: The controversial yellow food-colouring and dye.”

European Food Safety Authority Journal: “Safety and efficacy of tartrazine (E 102) for cats and dogs, ornamental fish, grain‐eating ornamental birds and small rodents.”

‌International Association of Color Manufacturers: “Tartrazine.”

‌PubChem: “Tartrazine.”

‌Therapeutic Goods Administration: “Toxicity of tartrazine.”

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Yellow 5 Side Effects