Endocrinologists are licensed internal medicine doctors who have passed an additional certification exam.
What Is an Endocrinologist?
Endocrinologists are doctors who specialize in glands and the hormones they make. They deal with metabolism, or all the biochemical processes that make your body work, including how your body changes food into energy and how it grows.
They may work with adults or kids. When they specialize in treating children, they’re called pediatric endocrinologists.
What Do Endocrinologists Do?
They cover a lot of ground, diagnosing and treating conditions that affect your:
- Adrenals, glands that sit on top of your kidneys and help to control things like your blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and sex hormones
- Bone metabolism, like osteoporosis
- Cholesterol
- Hypothalamus, the part of your brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst
- Pancreas, which makes insulin and other substances for digestion
- Parathyroids, small glands in your neck that control the calcium in your blood
- Pituitary, a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain that keeps your hormones balanced
- Reproductive glands (gonads): ovaries in women, testes in men
- Thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that controls your metabolism, energy, and brain growth and development
Training
Endocrinologists are licensed internal medicine doctors who have passed an additional certification exam.
They go to college for 4 years, then medical school for 4 more years. Afterward, they work in hospitals and clinics as residents for 3 years to get experience treating people. They’ll spend another 2 or 3 years training specifically in endocrinology.
The whole process usually takes at least 10 years.
Where to Find One
An endocrinologist can work in:
- A medical practice with other endocrinologists
- A group with different kinds of doctors
- Hospitals
You can search for one on the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists website.
Some don’t see patients. They may work in universities or medical schools, where they teach medical students and residents or do research.
When to See an Endocrinologist for Diabetes
Your regular doctor can treat diabetes, but they might refer you to an endocrinologist when:
- You’re brand new to diabetes and need to learn how to manage it.
- They don’t have a lot of experience treating diabetes.
- You take a lot of shots or use an insulin pump.
- Your diabetes has gotten tough to manage, or your treatment isn’t working.
- You have complications from diabetes.
You can always ask to go to an endocrinologist, too, even though your doctor doesn’t suggest it first. When you see one, you’ll still need to visit your primary doctor as well. They’ll work together.
Appointments With Your Diabetes Doctor
Your endocrinologist will ask you about how you feel, what you’re doing to manage your diabetes, and any trouble you’re having.
Take your blood glucose journal or logs with you, and let your endocrinologist know what’s been going on with you. What’s changed since the last time you saw them?
- Symptoms
- Eating differently
- Working out more or less
- Been sick lately
- Started taking any medicines, vitamins, or supplements
Chances are they’ll want to check your blood pressure and your feet and test your blood glucose, urine, and cholesterol.
If you take insulin, you should probably see your diabetes doctor every 3 or 4 months. Otherwise, you can go a little longer between visits, every 4 to 6 months. You may have to go more often when your diabetes isn’t under control, you have complications, or you have new symptoms or they get worse.
Show Sources
American College of Physicians: “Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism.”
Hormone Health Network: “Fact Sheet: Adrenal Incidentaloma,” “What Is an Endocrinologist?” “Value of an Endocrinologist.”
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “Adrenal Insufficiency & Addison’s Disease.”
PubMed Health: “Hypothalamus.”
American Diabetes Association: “Common Terms.”
University of Rochester Medical Center: “Hyperparathyroidism in Children.”
Australian Thyroid Foundation: “The Thyroid Gland.”
American Board of Internal Medicine: “Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism Policies.”
University of Utah Health Care: “When Should You See a Diabetes Specialist?”
Mayo Clinic: “Type 2 diabetes: Preparing for your appointment.”
Cleveland Clinic: “Diabetes: Management.”
Endocrinologist
An endocrinologist is a healthcare provider who’s an expert in endocrinology — the study of your body’s hormones. Endocrinologists diagnose, treat and manage several different conditions that affect your endocrine system.
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What is an endocrinologist?
An endocrinologist is a healthcare provider who specializes in endocrinology, a field of medicine that studies conditions related to your hormones. An endocrinologist can diagnose endocrine conditions, develop treatment and management plans for them and prescribe medication.
What is endocrinology?
Endocrinology is the study of hormones and endocrine glands and organs. Hormone-secreting glands and certain organs in your body make up your endocrine system.
A hormone is a chemical messenger that travels from one endocrine gland or organ in your body to another part of your body through your blood. Hormones help parts of your body communicate with other parts and have a large role in many key bodily functions, such as:
- Metabolism (how your body transforms the food you eat into energy it can use).
- Growth.
- Sexual function and reproduction.
- Sleep.
Your body makes and releases over 50 different hormones. Some of those hormones include:
- Adrenaline.
- Estrogen.
- Growth hormone.
- Insulin.
- Melatonin.
- Thyroid hormone.
- Testosterone.
Certain glands in your body called endocrine glands make and release hormones. Glands are special tissues in your body that create and release substances. The endocrine glands in your body include:
- Adrenal glands.
- Parathyroid glands.
- Pineal gland.
- Pituitary gland.
- Thyroid gland.
You have other glands in your body that aren’t endocrine glands, such as your sweat glands and lymph glands (also called lymph nodes).
Certain organs in your body also make and release hormones. An organ is a group of tissues that form a structure that performs specific important functions in your body. The organs that are part of the endocrine system include:
- Pancreas.
- Hypothalamus (this is a part of your brain, which is an organ).
- Ovaries.
- Testes.
What are the different kinds of endocrinologists?
An endocrinologist may specialize in certain areas of endocrinology called subspecialties, including:
- Diabetesand metabolism: Many hormones play important roles in your metabolism — how your body transforms the food you eat into energy it can use. Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic conditions. An endocrinologist can specialize in the treatment of different kinds of diabetes and other metabolic conditions such as obesity.
- Thyroid disease: Many conditions can affect your thyroid, the butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. An endocrinologist could specialize in these conditions specifically.
- Endocrine oncology: An endocrinologist could specialize in cancers that affect your endocrine system. Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
- Neuroendocrinology: This branch of endocrinology studies the interaction between your nervous system and your endocrine system. For example, it investigates how your brain controls the hormonal activity in your body.
- Pediatric endocrinology: A pediatric endocrinologist specializes in treating children who have endocrine conditions. Some endocrine conditions affect children specifically, and others can affect both children and adults.
- Gender affirmation: Gender affirmation can involve multidisciplinary treatment in which endocrinologists play an important role. Endocrinologists can specialize in sex hormone therapy, which is one aspect of gender affirmation.
- Reproductive endocrinology: Many hormones are involved in sexual functions and reproduction. An endocrinologist could specialize in sexual function and fertility conditions. They may be referred to as fertility specialists.
- Endocrinology nuclear medicine: This branch of endocrinology focuses on using nuclear medicine to treat certain endocrine conditions, especially thyroid conditions.
What does an endocrinologist treat?
An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat several different conditions that affect your endocrine system. This section will group several — but not all — conditions that endocrinologists treat into the following categories:
- Diabetes and metabolic conditions.
- Endocrine cancers and tumors.
- Thyroid conditions.
- Metabolic conditions.
- Sexual development, function and reproduction conditions.
- Calcium and bone conditions.
Diabetes and metabolic conditions
An endocrinologist can develop treatment and management plans for metabolic conditions. Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic conditions. Types of diabetes and other metabolic conditions include:
- Type 1 diabetes (your pancreas can no longer make insulin due to an autoimmune attack).
- Type 2 diabetes (your body isn’t using the insulin your pancreas makes properly).
- Gestational diabetes (temporary diabetes during pregnancy).
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults, or LADA (late-onset Type 1 diabetes).
- Pancreatic diabetes (caused by chronic pancreatitis).
- Brittle diabetes (diabetes with severe swings in blood sugar levels).
- Inherited metabolic diseases.
- Metabolic syndrome.
- Obesity.
Endocrine cancers and tumors
An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat endocrine cancers and tumors, which are named by the gland or organ in which they begin. Different kinds of endocrine cancers and tumors include:
- Adrenal tumors.
- Adrenocortical carcinoma.
- Neuroendocrine tumors.
- Pancreatic cancer.
- Parathyroid cancer.
- Parathyroid tumors.
- Pituitary tumors.
- Thyroid cancer.
Thyroid conditions
Endocrinologists can treat thyroid disease, which is a general term for any medical condition that keeps your thyroid gland from making the right amount of hormones. Several conditions can affect how your thyroid gland functions, including:
- Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland).
- Graves’ disease (an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism).
- Hashimoto’s disease (an autoimmune condition that causes hypothyroidism).
- Hypothyroidism (low level of thyroid hormone).
- Hyperthyroidism (high level of thyroid hormone).
- Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid).
- Thyroid conditions related to pregnancy.
- Thyroid masses.
- Thyroid nodule.
Sexual development, function and reproduction conditions
Several hormones are involved in sexual development, function and reproduction. Endocrinologists can treat the following conditions related to sex hormones:
- Amenorrhea (absent periods).
- Erectile dysfunction.
- Growth hormone deficiency and excess (acromegaly or gigantism).
- Gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue in males).
- Hormone-related infertility.
- Hypogonadism (low testosterone or low estrogen levels).
- Ovarian cysts.
- Menopausal disorders.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
- Sexual hormone disorders.
Calcium and bone conditions
Several hormones affect bone metabolism and calcium levels. Conditions concerned with calcium and bone health that endocrinologists can treat include:
- Hypercalcemia (high level of calcium in your blood).
- Hypocalcemia (low level of calcium in your blood).
- Metabolic bone disease.
- Osteopenia and osteoporosis (lack of bone mass and strength).
- Vitamin D deficiency.
What experience and training do endocrinologists need?
Endocrinology is a subspecialty of internal medicine. Endocrinologists are healthcare providers who have trained in the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat endocrine conditions specifically.
To become an endocrinologist in the United States, a person must obtain or complete the following:
- A bachelor’s degree (usually four years of college).
- Approximately four years of medical school.
- A two- to three-year residency in internal medicine or pediatrics.
- A two- to three-year fellowship in endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism.
- Pass an exam to become board-certified in internal medicine through the American Board of Internal Medicine.
- Pass an endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism exam to become board-certified as an endocrinologist.
Endocrinologists — and all healthcare providers — also partake in yearly learning and training courses known as Continuing Medical Education (CME) to stay up to date in their medical field.
Why should I see an endocrinologist?
Primary healthcare providers can diagnose and help you manage many endocrine conditions. However, you may benefit from seeing an endocrinologist since they’re likely more knowledgeable on your condition and more up-to-date on different medications, technology and clinical trials that can help treat your condition. Endocrinologists are experts in endocrinology and endocrine conditions.
Just like you may want to take your vehicle to a repair shop that specializes in your vehicle’s brand instead of a general repair shop that works on any type of vehicle, you may benefit from seeing a healthcare provider who specializes in your condition.
If your primary healthcare provider has diagnosed you with an endocrine condition, they may recommend that you see an endocrinologist to help manage your condition, especially since many endocrine conditions are long-term or chronic (life-long).
If your primary healthcare provider suspects your body may be having issues with certain hormones, they may have you see an endocrinologist for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
An endocrinologist could also be part of a team of healthcare providers to treat certain conditions such as cancers and fertility issues.
What should I expect when seeing an endocrinologist?
You’ll most likely see an endocrinologist during an outpatient visit to their office. You can expect that they’ll ask thorough questions about your medical history, current medications and symptoms. They may also perform a physical exam.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Getting a new diagnosis can be overwhelming. If you have a condition that affects your endocrine system, such as diabetes or thyroid disease, an endocrinologist can help you manage and treat your condition. They’re experts in their field and have up-to-date knowledge on medications, procedures and technology that can help you. If you’re currently seeing your primary healthcare provider to manage your endocrine condition and want more specified care and information, don’t be afraid to ask them for an endocrinologist recommendation or referral.
What Is an Endocrinologist?
Hormones are chemicals controlled by your endocrine glands that help coordinate and control many of your body’s activities. Hormones are involved in your growth, mood, reproduction, metabolism, and more.
When your hormones are functioning correctly, you don’t need to think about them. But with over 50 different hormones taking on complex roles in the human body, you need a specialist when problems arise. An endocrinologist can help.
Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating health conditions related to problems with the body’s hormones, hormonal glands, and related tissues. They have specialized training in the endocrine system and can help diagnose, treat, and manage the illnesses that can arise when hormone imbalances or endocrine gland problems occur.
What Does an Endocrinologist Do?
Endocrinologists specialize in treating disorders of the endocrine system, the network of hormone-producing glands in your body. Endocrinologists are qualified to diagnose and treat conditions like diabetes, thyroid diseases, infertility, growth issues, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, some cancers, and disorders in the hormone-producing adrenal glands and pituitary glands.
Disorders and diseases that originate elsewhere can also end up causing symptoms in your endocrine system. When problems in other systems or body parts impact your endocrine system, an endocrinologist will work in tandem with your primary care doctor or other specialists to come up with a treatment plan.
Education and Training
Endocrinology is a subspecialty of internal medicine. Endocrinologists are medical doctors who have specifically trained in the tools and techniques needed to diagnose and treat endocrine disorders.
After completing four years of college, endocrinologists go through medical school. Then they will spend about six additional years of training specializing in endocrinology. They will need to first get a certification in internal medicine and then get a separate one in endocrinology if they want to be board certified as an endocrinologist.
This process involves completing:
- An average of four years in medical school
- A two to three-year residency in internal medicine or pediatrics
- A two- to three-year fellowship in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism
- An exam to become board certified in internal medicine through the American Board of Internal Medicine
- An additional Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism exam and certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine
Reasons to See an Endocrinologist
Typically, you’ll see an endocrinologist in an outpatient setting after being referred by your primary care doctor. However, an endocrinologist could be called in to consult during an inpatient visit if there are concerns about an underlying hormone-related disorder.
Patients see endocrinologists for reasons ranging from diabetes management to problems with their thyroid, certain types of cancer, adrenal disorders, and more. Your doctor will likely refer you when there are concerns about:
Difficulty Managing Diabetes with Standard Treatments
Individuals with diabetes typically see a primary care doctor regularly and may take medication to help keep their blood sugar levels stable. However, if standard treatment doesn’t get your blood sugar levels under control, your primary care doctor may refer you to an endocrinologist. An endocrinologist will look for additional strategies to help control your diabetes.
Thyroid Disorder
Thyroid disorders can involve too much or too little of different types of hormones produced in the thyroid. You may be referred to an endocrinologist when a thyroid disorder is first diagnosed to review your condition and create a treatment plan. If there are no other complicating factors, you’ll complete follow-up care with your primary care doctor.
However, sometimes you may need to get follow-up care from the endocrinologist. For instance, if you’re pregnant or looking to start a family and have a thyroid disorder, you may need to see an endocrinologist.
Other reasons to get follow-up care from an endocrinologist can include developing a goiter or enlarged thyroid gland, a thyroid nodule, or symptoms of a pituitary gland disorder. You may also need to go back to the endocrinologist if the symptoms that brought you there in the first place are not improving with treatment.
Osteoporosis
Many factors contribute to osteoporosis, including age-related changes to hormone levels. When your primary care doctor suspects changes in hormone levels are contributing to osteoporosis, you may see an endocrinologist for evaluation and to develop a treatment plan.
Polycystic ovary syndrome affects about 7% to 10% of women and can lead to infertility, acne, unpredictable periods, unwanted facial hair, and other chronic conditions.
Low testosterone levels can result from several causes, including hormone disorders, medication side effects, and chronic diseases. An endocrinologist will use specialized knowledge to help diagnose, treat, and manage this condition. Sometimes you may need testosterone therapy, which is typically overseen by an endocrinologist.
Endocrine Gland Cancer
Cancer may happen in any of the endocrine glands, including the pancreas and the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands. An endocrinologist will focus on managing and balancing hormone levels.
What to Expect at the Endocrinologist
You typically will see an endocrinologist in an outpatient setting, since many of the problems they treat are chronic conditions that don’t require surgery. Some endocrinologists also provide consultations in inpatient settings.
Often, your primary care doctor will refer you to an endocrinologist for a suspected hormone problem. When you first visit, the endocrinologist will ask you a series of questions to learn more about your symptoms, health habits, other medical conditions, medications, and family history of hormone-related problems. They will consult with your referring doctor and review your medical records.
Additionally, the endocrinologist will perform a physical exam, checking your pulse, heart rate, and blood pressure. They will assess your skin, hair, mouth, and teeth, as some hormone-related disorders can impact these areas. They may also order blood work or urinalysis, perform a biopsy, or order an ultrasound or imaging tests like computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans.
Once the endocrinologist has determined a diagnosis, they will work with you and your referring doctor on a treatment plan. Some people will continue to see the endocrinologist to help them manage chronic hormone-related conditions.
You’ll continue to see your family or primary care doctor for other issues. Others may only need to see endocrinologists for a short amount of time, with further follow-up care and symptom management provided by primary care doctors.
Show Sources
American Association of Clinical Endocrinology: “What is an endocrinologist?”
American Medical Association: ‘Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Specialty Description.”
Doctorly.org: “How to become an endocrinologist.”
Hormone Health Network: “Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism).”
Hormone Health Network: “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).”
Hormone Health Network: “The Endocrine System.”
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “Endocrine Diseases.”
National Osteoporosis Foundation: “What is Osteoporosis and What Causes It?”
TheDiabetesCouncil.com: “Things To Look Out For When Searching For An Endocrinologist.”
United States Environmental Protection Agency: “What is the Endocrine System?”
Yale Medicine: “Endocrine Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.”
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